Surgical stapler for stitching body organs



Feb. 10, 1970 D. T. GREEN ErAL 3,494,533

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SURGICAL STAPLER FOR STITCHING BOD Y ORGANS Filed 001.- 10, 1966 16 Sheets-Sheet 5 PHILLIP W. KING LOU/5 SOLMNOFF ORNEY Feb. 10, 1970 D, T. GREEN ETAL 3,494,533

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SURGICAL STAPLER FOR STITCHING BODY ORGANS Filed Oct. 10, 1966 16 Sheets-Sheet 9 FIG. 34. 4 i

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DAV/D T. GREEN PHILLIP m KING LOU/S SOLTANOFF INVENTORS ATTORNEYS Feb. 10, 1970 D. T. GREEN T L SURGICAL STAPLER FOR STITCHING BODY ORGANS l6 Sheets-Sheet 10 Filed Oct. 10, 1966 INVENTORS DAVID 7. GREEN PHILLIP IV. KING 5% ATTORNEYS Gm 6t Feb. 10, 1970 GREEN ETAL 3,494,533

SURGICAL STAPLER FOR STITCHING BODY ORGANS Filed Oct. 10, 1966 16 Sheefs-Sheet 14 & L l w Q oil l, R. & $1 w m FIG. 57.

DAVID 7: GREEN PHILLIP W. KING LOU/S SOLTANOFF INVENTORS yam 9M, 7%, 571% ATTORNEYS Feb. 10, 1970 Filed Oct. 10. 1966 D. T. GREEN ETAL 3,494,533 SURGICAL STAPLER FOR STITCHING BODY ORGANS l6 Sheets-Sheet l5 STAPLE RES/.SM/VCE PUSHER PLATE TRAVEL IN INCHES INVENTORS DAVID r GREEN PHILLIP w. mva

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SURGICAL STAPLER FOR STITCHING BODY ORGANS Filed Oct. 10, 1966 16 Sheets-Sheet 16 FIG. 60.

DAV/D I GREEN PH/LL/P' W. KING LOU/5 SOLTANOFF INVENTORS ATTORNEYS United States Patent 3,494,533 SURGICAL STAPLER FOR STITCHING BODY ORGANS David T. Green, Norwalk, Phillip W. King, Chesh re, and Louis Soltanolf, Stamford, Conn., assiguors to United States Surgical Corporation, Baltimore, Md., :1 corporation of Maryland Filed Oct. 10, 1966, Ser. No. 585,628 Int. Cl. B31b 1/00 U.S. Cl. 22719 24 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE There is disclosed a surgical instrument for combining the action of two hollow body organs having their longitudinal axes paralell to one another. The instrument, properly placed with respect to the two hollow body organs, staples together the walls of said organs. The instrucent is provided with an improved anvil construction which automatically compensates for slight misalignment between the staples and staple-shaping grooves in the anvil.

The present application is directed to a stapler device of the type which is employed in surgical operations for stitching together portions of body flesh, tissue, membranes, etc.

In modern surgical practice, it is known to use a stapler machine or device for inserting a series of U shaped tantalum wire staples into living tissue for the purpose of effecting a lengthwise stitched seam. Such staples are inert in the human body and, therefore, may permanently remain therein. A known surgical stapler, for example, is that disclosed in Strekopitov et al., United States Patent 3,080,564.

Surgical staplers, however, because of the delicate and critical circumstances of their use, must meet very high standards of reliability, effectiveness, and precision in operation, and these requirements necessarily have had to be met by relatively complex, carfully machined, and costly instruments. Among the requirements in a surgical stapler, for example, is that its parts be easily dismantable for sterilization purposes. A further requirement is that the staples be easily loadable into the device so that a single instrument may be reused successively during a surgical operation. Still another requirement is that the instrument function easily and without danger of failure, for obvious reasons.

An outstanding limitation which exists in prior known staplers is the fact that a particular staple is restricted to perform sutures on a particular thickness of tissue, each different thickness of tissue requiring a corresponding specially designed stapler. This limitation will be understood upon considering that the stapling of live tissue is quite distinct from the stapling of non-live materials, such as paper, carboard, etc.; wherein the squeezing pressures exerted upon the material layers during and after the stapling operation may vary over a wide range without damaging said layers of non-live materials. In the stapling of live tissue layers, on the other hand, the stapler may only squeeze the interfacing tissue layers together within a limited range of pressing forces, since, obviously,

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live tissue is quite susceptible to injury. Conversely, the final or bent-up shape of the staple in the case of live tissues must be very accurately predetermined so as to provide positive and firm holding together of the interfacing tissue layers without, however, the staple itself unduly tearing or otherwise injuring the tissue layers. A specific aspect of this is that the staple must not squeeze the tissue layers together so tightly as to prevent or hinder the flow therethrough of body fluids which are essential to the proper healing and grafting together of the tissue layers.

One of the objects of the present invention, therefore, is to provide a surgical stapler which is adapted to properly elTect sutures in live tissues whose thicknesses may vary within a range of thicknesses.

Another problem which is inherent in prior known surgical staplers resides in the facility and accuracy with which the device may be successively reloaded for continued stapling operations. The reader is, of course, aware of the fact that surgical operations are oftentimes performed under critical time limitations. Such limitations, therefore, require that either a plurality of preloaded staplers be available to the surgeon for rapid successive utilization or that a single stapler be available which is itself very rapidly reloadable. In this regard, when it is noted that the staplers involved and their associated parts, such as the staple-carrying cartridge, the anvil, and the staple pusher elements, are quite small and not easily manipulable, it is seen that various problems and difiiculties present themselves when it is attempted to reload a stapler with a new cartridge and, specifically, difficulties as to the exact alignment of said parts.

Amongst the objects of the present invention, therefore, is that of providing a disposable group of parts, namely: a cartridge, staple pusher elements, and stapleshaping anvil which are all easily assemblable on the instrument in proper alignment relative to each other. Another object, in this regard, is to provide an improved anvil construction which automatically compensates for slight misalignment between the staples and the stapleshaping grooves in the anvil, said grooves being configured so as to lead or guide a misaligned staple properly into said grooves. A still further object in this same regard is to provide improved alignment means in the anvil and in the cartridge whereby thes two members may be easily and accurately aligned with reference to vertical as well as horizontal reference axes on the instrument by means of an alignment pin.

Surgical staplers necessarily must be very accurately designed and manufactured in accordance with very close tolerances, these requirements being necessitated by the smallness of the parts and by the high level of reliability imposed by the medical environment in which such instruments are used. The extreme care and accuracy with which such instruments are made correspondingly increases their cost. It is an object of the present invention, therefore, to provide a convenient and easily determinable reference point in the instrument, to which various of the cartridge measurements may be referred. Specifically, the cartridge according to this invention is provided with resilient protrusions on one lateral surface thereof, said protrusions serving to press the the opposite lateral surface of the cartridge flush against a reference surface on the instrument frame, thus providing a positive and easily established reference plane for various dimensions on said cartridge and eliminating the need to take into account any tolerance between the said opposite cartridge surface the frame reference surface.

Surgical staplers are commonly utilized to effect a plurality of sutures along a single or along a plurality of parallel lines, and the number of staples which are driven into the tissue in a single operation of the stapler may be quite high, for example: over 30 staples may be driven in a single operation of the instrument. At least the following two problems arise in correspondence to the number of staples increasing: (a) the staple driving force which the surgeon must apply to the driving elements is quite high, and the surgeon, if using a prior art instrument, may find that he must use both his hands to drive the staples against the anvil; and (b) the anvil support member upon which the anvil is mounted in parallel relation to the cartridge, since it extends in cantilever fashion from a base member, is subjected to relatively high bending stresses, since said support member must absorb the aforementioned staple driving forces.

Such deformation in the instrument would effectively render it inoperative for further use, since it would thereafter be impossible to again align the staple cartridge and the anvil with each other.

In view of these problems, therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide an improved surgical stapler wherein: (a) a driving means is included which provides a high enough mechanical advantage so that the surgeon may easily drive all the staples at one time; and (b) a structural arrangement is provided to eliminate .or absorb the bending stresses between the anvil support member and base member on which it is mounted.

The bending or curling of staples by their being driven against an anvil requires a varying degree of driving force as the staple is progressively driven against the anvil. The required driving force is relatively low as the staples are being driven through the tissue layers; however, as soon as the staple ends abut against the solid anvil surface so that they must begin to bend, the required driving force rapidly increase up to a peak from which it then rapidly diminishes. The explanation for this is in the simple fact that the resistance to the initial bending is quite high (in the nature of inertia), while said resistance diminishes once the initial bending has occurred.

Surgical staplers of the type herein disclosed comprise a pair of handles, .one fixed and the other movable, said handles being gripable by the surgeons hand and squeezable towards each other, this serving to drive the staple driving members to effect the stapling operation. Since it is highly important that the staples not be pushed out of their cartridge to any extent while the instrument is being positioned preparatory to a stapling operation, a safety catch means is usually provided which serves to prevent any inadvertent movement of the handles towards each other. A deficiency in heretofore known catch means has resided in the fact that they added to the difliculty experienced in cleaning and sterilizing the instrument. Specifically, known safety catch means provided another location for particles of tissue and for blood, etc., to become entrapped. It is an object of the present invention, therefore, to provide an improved safety catch means which is easily disassemblable and, therefore, permits easy cleaning and sterilization of the instrument.

As a further aspect of preventing staples from extending outwardly of the cartridge slots, it is also important that the staples not fall out of said slots either during shipment of the cartridge assembly or during manipulation of the instrument. It is an object of this invention, therefore, to provide a staple shape whereby the staples themselves will resiliently press against the end walls which define the cartridge slots and thereby be firmly held therein.

Surgical staplers should be as completely disassemblable as possible in order to permit thorough cleaning and sterilization thereof after use. In known staplers, therefore, the movable handle is disassemblable from the instrument frame and is releasably held thereon only by means of the handle spring. This arrangement renders the movable handle susceptible to being inadvertently pushed out of its operative engagement in the instrument frame since it is only held therein by the yieldable spring. It is an object of this invention, therefore, to provide a dismantable, movable handle and a mounting means therefor which positively locks said hand-1e in position on the instrument frame.

In surgical staplers it is especially important that the moving parts thereof function smoothly and without the occurrence of any jamming. The accurrence of jamming obviously cannot be tolerated in view of the critical conditions of use. It would be a nightmarish circumstance for a surgeon to be holding a jammed instrument part way through a suturing operation. Conversely, it is highly desirable that such an instrument be operable with a light touch in view of the delicacy with which live human tissue must be handled, and such a light touch can only be achieved through smooth operation .of moving parts. Such smooth operation is also important from the economical point of view in that it reduces wearing .of parts and consequently prolongs the useability of the instrument.

It is a further object of this invention, therefore, to provide a surgical stapler wherein various of the moving parts are properly supported for movement relative to each other so as to avoid any digging-in or other forms of undue abrasion of parts.

The present invention, therefore, is directed to achieving an improved stapler, especially as regards the aforementioned requirements relative to known staplers, such as that disclosed in United States Patent 3,080,564.

Other objects of this invention not specifically mentioned are inherent in the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment, said description being referred to the appended drawings, wherein:

FIGURE 1 is a side elevation of the assembled instrument;

FIGURE 2 is a top plan view of the instrument shown in FIGURE 1;

FIGURE 3 is a side elevation partially in section of the outer frame;

FIGURE 4 is a top plan view of the outer frame;

FIGURE 5 is a sectional View taken along line 5-5 of FIGURE 3, showing the rear leg of the U-shaped jaw of the outer frame;

FIGURE 6 is a horizontal sectional view of the said U-shaped jaw, taken along line 66 of FIGURE 3;

FIGURE 7 is a vertical transverse sectional view through the cradle portion of the outer frame, taken along line 77 of FIGURE 3;

FIGURE 8 is a sectional view of the rear portion of the outer frame, taken along line 88 of FIGURE 3;

FIGURE 9 is a side elevation partially in section of the inner frame of the stapler;

FIGURE 10 is a top plan view of the inner frame seen in FIGURE 9;

FIGURE 11 is a front elevation of the inner frame, as seen from line 1111 of FIGURE 9;

FIGURE 12 is a transverse sectional view of the inner frame, taken along line 12--12 of FIGURE 9;

FIGURE 13 is an auxiliary view of the safety catch;

FIGURE 14 is a slightly enlarged end view of the safety catch seen in FIGURE 13;

FIGURE 15 is a side elevation of the pusher assembly, cam plate, cam and .movable handle;

FIGURE 16 is a fragmentary top plan view of the pusher assembly and cam plate seen in FIGURE 15;

FIGURE 17 is a vertical sectional view of the movable handle, taken along line 1717 of FIGURE 1;

FIGURE 18 is another vertical sectional View of the movable handle, taken along line 1818 of FIGURE 1;

FIGURE 19 is a side elevation of the cam plate assemy;

FIGURE 20 is a horizontal sectional view of the cam plate assembly taken along line 2020 of FIGURE 19;

FIGURE 21 is a front elevation of a staple cartridge;

FIGURE 22 is a side elevation partially in section of said staple cartridge;

FIGURES 23, 24, and 25 are transverse and longitudinal sectional views of the cartridge taken along corresponding section lines of FIGURE 21;

FIGURE 26 is a vertical transverse sectional view of the stapler jaw, showing a front elevation of an anvil, taken along line 2626 of FIGURE 1;

FIGURE 27 is a horizontal transverse sectional view of the forward leg of the stapler jaw and the anvil, taken along line 2727 of FIGURE 26;

FIGURE 28 is an enlarged front elevation of a fragment of an anvil, showing a staple aligning and clinching groove;

FIGURE 29 is a longitudinal sectional view of the groove seen in FIGURE 28, taken along line 29-29;

FIGURE 30 is a transverse section, taken along line 3030 of FIGURE 26;

FIGURE 31 is an elevational view of a typical staple;

FIGURE 32 is an isometric view of a staple pusher member;

FIGURE 33 is a sectional view of a cartridge assem bled in the forward end of the inner frame in operating condition;

FIGURE 34 is an enlarged front elevation of a fragment of another embodiment of an anvil, showing a modified staple aligning and clinching groove;

FIGURE 35 is a longitudinal section oft he groove seen in FIGURE 34 taken along line 3535;

FIGURE 36 is a transverse section of the anvil, taken along line 36-36 of FIGURE 34;

FIGURE 37 shows the cooperation between the pin 116 and the alignment hole of a cartridge to properly position the cartridge in the instrument;

FIGURE 38 shows the cooperation between the pin 116 and an anvil;

FIGURE 39(a) and (b) show the operation of a pusher plate in clinching a staple to the optimum degree in minimum and maximum tissue gap positions;

FIGURE 40 shows a staple formation that would result from trying to adapt old stapling instruments to a Wider than usual tissue gap;

FIGURE 41 shows a staple formation resulting from too tight a clamping of the tissues;

FIGURE 42 shows the staple formation properly clamping tissue which results from the structure of the present instrument;

FIGURE 43 is a side elevation of another embodiment of the present invention;

FIGURE 44 is a top plan view of the instrument seen in FIGURE 43;

FIGURE 45 is a side elevation of the outer frame of the second embodiment;

FIGURE 46 is a top plan view of the outer frame;

FIGURE 47 is a vertical transverse section of the outer frame taken along line 4747 of FIGURE 45;

FIGURE 48 is a vertical transverse section taken along line 4848 of FIGURE 45;

FIGURE 49 is a rear end elevation of the outer frame seen in FIGURE 45;

FIGURE 50 is a side elevation of the inner frame of the second embodiment;

FIGURE 51 is a top plan view of the inner frame of the same embodiment;

FIGURE 52 is a front end elevation of the inner frame seen in FIGURE 50 taken along line 52-52;

FIGURE 53 is a vertical transverse section taken along line 5353 of FIGURE 50;

FIGURE 54 is a vertical transverse section taken along line 54-54 of FIGURE 50;

FIGURE 55 is a side elevation of the pusher assembly and the movable handle of the second embodiment;

FIGURE 56 is a top plan view of the pusher assemy;

FIGURE 57 is a vertical transverse section taken along line 57-57 of FIGURE 55;

FIGURE 58 is a section through the top of the forward leg of the outer frame showing the cooperation between the retaining pin and the tapered hole in said forward leg which cooperate to properly position the anvil;

FIGURE 59 is a graph of the forces exerted by the cam of the preferred embodiment for a given distance of travel of a pusher plate and the pressures required to overcome staple resistance;

FIGURE 60 is an enlarged side elevation of the cam plate of the preferred embodiment correlating certain points on the cam with certain points on the afore-said graph.

With reference to the drawings, wherein the same reference characters identify the identical parts in all figures, the instrument comprises the following main components: the outer frame OF, the inner fram IF, the movable handle assembly MH, the pusher assembly P, and the staple cartridge assembly C.

Summarizing the arrangements of parts, the inner frame IF fits within upper longitudinal recess 1 in outer frame OF, and said inner frame is longitudinally adjusted within said recess by means of wing nut 2 which is rotatably mounted on the outer frame but longitudinally restrained by means of outer frame shoulders 3 extending into groove 4 on said nut. A threaded stud 5 extends rigidly from the end of the inner frame and is threadedly received within said nut whereby rotation of said nut results in longitudinal movement of said stud which in turn moves the entire inner frame along with it.

A disposable cartridge assembly C holding a plurality of staples is removably mounted on the outer end of the inner frame while the pusher assembly P is mounted behind said cartridge assembly for longitudinal sliding movement relative to said inner frame. The movable handle assembly MH is mounted on the inner frame in operational relationship with said pusher assembly whereby actuation of said movable handle to the rear results in said pusher assembly moving forward relative to said cartridge and thereby pushing the staples outwardly of the cartridge and toward the anvil 6 which is removably mounted on the outer frame.

The outer frame OF comprises an elongate cradle portion 7 which in cross section is seen to include internal recess 1 extending longitudinally through portion 7. Rearwardly of recess 1, portion 7 comprises a through opening 7b whose rear end is in the form of a yoke formed by an outward flaring in side walls 8 and 9, which walls are joined by end wall 10 perpendicular to said walls 8 and 9. End wall 10 includes an upwardly opening notch 16a for rotatably receiving wing nut 2. The forward end of the outer frame comprises a U-shaped jaw portion formed by forward and rear legs 11 and 12 interconnected by cross leg 13, the upper surface of which includes a guide rail 14. The upper end of rear leg 12 is formed by two transversely spaced apart leg portions 121: and 12b which are threaded at 15 near the upper end thereof. The upper end portion of front leg 11 is also internally threaded at 16 in longitudinal alignment with the axis of rear thread 15. The rear face of front leg 11 is formed with rib 17 along its length for receiving the removable anvil 6. It will also be noted that leg portions 12a and 1211 include opposed facing grooves 12c extend ing parallel to the longitudinal axis of the outer frame.

The outer frame also includes a depending plate portion 19 towards the rear end of elongate cradle portion 7, said portion 19 having formed therein a slot 20 extending parallel to the outer frame axis and opening at its rear end in a downward direction at 20a.

The inner frame IF includes an elongate body portion 31 which is intended to be received and held within the internal recess 1 in outer frame portion 7, with fixed handle 32 extending rigidly from the inner frame and downwardly through opening 7b in the outer frame. The forward end of the inner frame comprises a generally rectangular hollow head 33 which is open at its forward end and whose lower end is formed to ride on the guide rail 14. A threaded stud extends rigidly from the rear end of body portion 31 and is threadedly received within internally threaded Wing nut 2 which is freely rotatable but which is restrained against longitudinal or axial movement by virtue of shoulders 3 extending into groove 4 formed in the forward end of said nut. It is seen, therefore, that rotation of nut 2 results in axial or longitudinal movement of the inner frame along the outer frame.

The inner frame as seen in FIGURE 12 comprises a downwardly U-shaped cross section in contrast to the outer frame which comprises a corresponding upward U-shaped cross section. The two frames fitting together, therefore, define a closed internal passageway extending longitudinally therethrough.

The inner frame is insertable and removable relative to the outer frame when said inner frame is at its extreme rearward position relative to said outer frame. In this position, the laterally projecting guide pin 36 on the inner frame is rearwardly displaced out of grooves 120 while rear guide pin 36a underlies the flared portion of walls 8 and 9. On the other hand, a slight forward displacement of said inner frame, occasioned by rotation of the wing nut, will bring pin 36 within grooves 120 and pin 36a in sliding contact with the lower edges of walls 8- and 9 whereby said inner frame is longitudinally guided and also locked in axial alignment relative to said outer frame.

A pusher assembly P is mounted within the inner frame for longitudinal movement relative thereto and comprises an elongate pusher rod 41 whose front end is rigidly attached to a narrow rectangular pusher plate 42. The rear end of rod 41 is recessed at 43 at a distance from its rearwardmost end so as to form a hook end portion 44.

Pusher assembly P is fitted within the inner frame with rod 41 extending longitudinally in bore 38 which extends through the inner frame, and with pusher plate 42 being slidably fitted within hollow head 33.

The hook end portion 44 is hooked into upper recess 50 in cam plate CP. Said cam plate is comprised of two identical fiat plates 51 separated by identical rollers 52, said plates including a rearwardly extending tail portion 51a. Said rollers comprise a central cam sliding surface 53 and opposed boss portions 54 which are rollingly fitted in holes 55 in the respective plates 51. The forward roller 52 extends downwardly below the lower edge of plates 51 so that surface 53 rides on outer frame portion 19 thereby avoiding any digging-in or jamming of the front edge of said plates into the frame portion 19. A split pin 51b is attached to one of plates 51 and extends between them and into a corresponding sleeve in the other plate, said pin serving to releaseably hold said plates together in side by side, spaced, parallel relationship. Cam 56 extends upwardly between tail portions 51a and is free to pivotally move therebetween. It is, therefore, seen that cam plate CP is easily disassemblable since no parts thereof are rigidly interconnected together. As regards operability, the rollers 52 need not be identical; however, in practice, it is advisable that two identical rollers 52 be used thereby facilitating assembly and disassembly of parts and permitting interchangeability of said parts.

The cam plate CP follows the movements of cam 56 which is rigidly mounted on movable handle MH by means of pins 59 and '60 extending through holes 61 in said cam and corresponding holes in said movable handle. The cam comprises a front cam surface 62 which bears against sliding surface 53 of the rearward one of the rollers 52 as the cam is pivoted counterclockwise about the axis of rear pin 60 while the lower end of the cam surface 62 terminates in a forwardly extending hook '63 which, as the cam returns in a clockwise direction from the dash-line position shown in FIGURE 15, hooks around the surface 53 of the rear roller 52 and thereby pulls cam plate CP rearwardly from its forwardmost position which also is shown in dash lines in FIGURE 15.

The cam surface 62 is configured in accordance with the graphical representation in FIGURE 59 wherein the X-axis denotes forward travel in inches of cam plate C'P from its rearwardmost position (that is: the position corresponding to the movable handle being in the solid line position shown in FIGURE 15 this forward travel corresponding to the linear extent to which the staples in the cartridge assembly have been pushed towards the anvil, and the Y-axis denotes the amount of pushing force in pounds per staple required to advance the staples at successive points of said travel.

The two identical dash-lines in the graph represent the successively varying driving force which is required for advancing the staples from their position in the cartridge to their final curled shape, the dash line on the left side corresponding to the maximum tissue gap setting and the dash line on the right side corresponding to the minimum tissue gap setting.

Point m on the dash lines represents the point at which the staple ends first touch the anvil surface, while point It represents the point at which the staple legs first begin to bend or as is said in the industry, the column begins to break. It is seen that the force required to begin the bending rises very sharply from point n to point 0 with very little forward advance of the staple. Point 0 represents the force required to overcome the inertia to bending and once this inertia to bending has been overcome, it is seen that further bending of the staple legs requires a rapidly decreasing amount of force up to point p. Up to point p the staple legs have been bent inwardly towards each other, the leg ends moving in a lateral direction relative to the longitudinal axis of the instrument. Point p represents the point at which the staple leg ends have come into contact with each other pursuant to such lateral movement towards each other. It is seen, therefore, that the force requirement now increases again to point q in order to overcome the resistance offered by the two leg ends as they meet each other and as they begin to curl backwardly in a direction parallel to the frame axis. Once this second phase of curling has begun, the force requirement again drops oif from point q up until the staple bending is completed to the form shown in FIGURE 42.

The solid line in the graph represents the cam force output which is applicable regardless of the tissue gap setting. It is seen that the cam is designed to provide an output whose range or breadth relative to cam plate stroke is such that it provides the necessary output to accommodate any setting of tissue gap. Various points on the cam output line are labeled in the graph in correspondence to the equivalent labeled points in FIGURE 60 showing the successive pivot positions of the cam.

The meaning of the graph of FIGURE 59 may be analogized to the pushing of an object along a surface. It takes a much greater force to start the object moving from a standing still position than it takes to keep it moving after it has already started to move. The same principle applies to the stapler. It takes a considerably greater force to start the bending or curling of the staple legs than it takes to continue the bending after it has already begun.

It should be noted here that rear handle pin 60- serves not only to hold cam 56 on handle MH, but that it also serves as a pivot pin for said movable handle, said rear pin being insertable and removable from slot portion 20a while the inner frame is at its rearwardmost position relative to the outer frame, and said rear pin resting along 

